1 关系代词who（whom）的用法

1．who 可以代人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom，但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格的whom： 介词+whom。

She is the girl with whom I went there.
（因为把介词with 提到从句的前面了，所以只能够用whom，而不能用who 来代替）
她就是和我一起去那儿的女孩。
2．在本章开始处所列的表格中可以看出who, that 在许多情况下可以通用，但有时则宜用who，而不用that。
a．先行词是one, ones, anyone 时宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。
Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
不能把这个消息告诉任何一个不应该知道它的人。
注意
anyone 只能指人，用who 较合适，但是先行词本身是anything 时，
则宜用that 为关系代词，另外这句中先行词anyone 与定语从句中间有一些别的词则更宜用who 作为关系代词。
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
任何人不能完成指定的任务，都应受到批评。
b．先行词为those 时，宜用who 为关系代词。
Those who were not fit for their work could not see the
beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.
不称职的人都看不到这种奇妙的布所制成的美丽的衣服。
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
凡是想去长城的人在这里签名。
c．当先行词有较长的后置定语时。
I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me
question in Chinese.
昨天，在街上，我遇到一位能用汉语问我问题的外国人。
d．一个句子中带有两个宾语从句，其中一个宾语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
昨天晚上你遇见的那位男孩是位学习非常努力的组长。
e．在there be 开头的句子中
There is an old man who wants to see you.
有位老人要见你。
There are many young men who are against him.
有许多年轻人反对他。

3 关系代词that 的用法

1．首先要特别注意that 只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用that，另外介词后面不能跟that，而跟which。
Crusoe’s dog, which was very old now, became ill and died.⋯（○）
（非限定性定语从句，只可用which）
Crusoe’s dog, that was now very old, became ill and died.⋯(×)
（非限定性定语从句不能用that）。
克鲁索的狗，现在已很老了，病死了。
2．在限定性定语从句中which 和that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。
The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine.
放在这个钱包里的钱是我的。
The money that (which)（省略）my mother gave me yesterday has been stolen.
昨天我妈妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。
3．有些情况下，只宜用that，而不宜用which
a．先行词是最高级形容词或者它的前面有最高级形容词时。
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
英语是这几年当中你所学科目中最难的一科。
b．先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。
He is the last person (that) I want to see.
他是我最不想见的人。
It is the first American m ovie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
这是我看到的第一部这类美国影片。
c．主句已有疑问词who 或which 时。
Which is the bike that you lost?
他丢失的是哪辆自行车？
Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?
在大会上被表扬的那位妇女是谁？
d．先行词既有人又有物，宜用that。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
你知道他们正在谈论的人和事情吗？
The bike and its rider that had run over and old man were taken to the police station.
撞倒了一位老人的那辆自行车和人都被送到了派出所。
e．先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything,nothing, none, the one 等代词时。
You should hand in all that you have.
你们应该把你们所有的一切都交上来。
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
我们没有许多能向你（你们）提供的东西。
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
我指的是你刚刚谈到的那个。
f．先行词前面only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same,the very 等词修饰时。
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
我们唯一能够做的就是给你一些钱。
Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class.
李明是我们班唯一一个得满分的学生。
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
李明是唯一一个想当老师的人。
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.
李明是我们班想当老师的学生之一。
g．有两个宾语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that.
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
爱迪生办了一个工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。
注意
that 前不加介词

4 关系代词which 的用法

1．在非限定定语从句中，只宜用which，不能用that。
Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.
北京是中国的首都，它是一座美丽的城市。
Li Ming is late for school every day, which makes his teacher very angry.
李明每天都迟到，这使得他的老师非常生气。
2．在限定性定语从句中which 和that 在代物时常常可以通
用，但有时只宜于用which，不用that。
a．关系代词前有介词时
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
=That’s the hotel (which/that/可省略) you will stay.
这就是你将要在那里住的旅馆。
★在这句话中，如果介词in 放在句子后面，那么关系代词即可用
which，也可用that，还可以省略。
b．如有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，另一句宜用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。
注意
that 和which 在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别
which:
（1）可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物或整个主句或主句中的一部分。
（2）可用于介词之后
介词+which（代物）
that:
不能用于上述二种结构之中。