§2．短语动词...................................
§3．动词的基本形式.......................
§4．动词的时态...............................
在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语，说明主语“是什么”或做什么”。
例：I am his elder sister. 我是他的姐姐。
You study English. 你学习英语。
The sun is red. 太阳（是）红（的）。
例句中的am， study， is是动词， study担当句子中的谓语。am，is和后面的表语一起担当谓语。在英语中，句子的构造是主语后面连接着动词。这和中文的结构大致相同。
中文可以说“太阳红”、“这本书好”、“我们的教室大”，因为中文中“红”、“大”、“好”等可以用作谓语。但英语中，red，big，good等不能作动词，一般只作形容词用。所以在英语中这些句子分别是：
The sun is red. 太阳红。
The book is good. 这本书好。
Our classroom is big. 我们的教室大。
动词是一个句子的重心，因此从动词的变化，可以看出该句是现在时或过去时。所以了解动词的时态，在英语学习上相当重要。
1) 动词的种类
动词可以分为以下五类：
| 类别（英语缩写） | 特点 | 举例 |
| 及物动词（vt.） | 跟宾语 | We love our country. |
| 不及物动词（vi.） | 不跟宾语 | Classes begin. |
| 系动词（link-v.） | 跟表语 | I'm a student. |
| 助动词（aux.v.） |
跟动词原形或分词 （无特殊意思） |
I have had my breakfast. |
| 情态动词（mod.v.） |
跟动词原形 （有说话者的意思） |
He must study hard. |
2) 短语动词
动词加一个（或两个）介词或副词构成词组后，在意义上和原来的动词不同，这种词组叫短语运词或动词成语（成语动词）。英语里这种词组很多，而且非常有用。以下例子摘自初级中学教科书内文。
be about 大约
be at …在……
be behind …在……后面
be from 从……来，出生于某地，出生于……家庭
be good at 在……擅长
be in …在……里面
be on …在……上面
be over there 在那边
be under 在……下边
begin with 以……为开始
catch up with 赶上
climb up 爬上去
come back 回来
come down (a ladder) 爬下（梯子）
come from 来自……
come here 过来
come in 进来
come on 加油
come out 开花
come round 来，前来
come up (a ladder) 爬上（梯子）
cross our 划叉
do with something 处理……
excuse me 请原谅
fall behind 落后
fight about 为……而斗争
find out 弄清楚
fly away 飞走
fly up 高飞
get back 回来，回到……
get into (the lift ,car…) 进电梯（上小汽车……）
get off the bus 下公共汽车
get on the bus 上公共汽车
get out of ( the lift ,car…) 从（电梯、小汽车……）中出来
go along (something) 沿着……走
go down 下去
go home 回家
go on doing sth. 继续做某事
go to work 上班
go up 上去
grow up 长大
hear of 听说
hold on (for a moment) 请稍等一下（打电话用语）
jump into 跳入
laugh at 笑某人
learn from… 向某人学习
listen to 听……，注意听……
look after 照顾，关照
look around 四处看
look at 看……
look for 寻找
look in …仔细查看
look like 看起来像
look over 检查（查看，医师看病人时用）
look young 看起来年轻
make telephone calls to somebody 给某人打电话
move away 移走
pass on to 传递某物给某人
pass on 传递某物
pay for …为……付钱
pick up 拾起来
point at …指向……
pull up 拉上来
put on (the suit ,a cap…)穿衣服，戴帽子
sell out 卖完了（卖光了）
send for 派人去请……
send up 射出，发送
sit down 坐下
stand up 起立
take off (the sweater…) 脱掉（绒衣……）
take out something 拿出……
talk about (something) 谈论某事
talk to (somebody) 跟某人谈话
thanks to …多亏了……，由于，因为
turn off (the radio, gas ,TV…) 关上（收音机、煤气、电视）
turn on (the radio ,gas ,TV…) 打开（收音机、煤气、电视）
turn round 转身
turn to 翻到……页，转向……
wait for …等待
wake up 醒来
work hard 努力工作
worry about…为……而担心
write down 写下来
3) 动词的基本形式
动词有四种基本形式：动词原形（即前面不加to的动词不定式形式）、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
1.动词的过去式及过去分词的构成
a.规则动词的变化
| 构成法 | 例词 |
| 一般加-ed | work→worked，worked |
| 以e结尾的词加-d | live→lived,lived |
| 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，改y为i再加-ed |
study→studied,studied cry→cried,cried |
| 以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加-ed | play→payed,played |
| 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词。要双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed |
stop→stoped,stopped prefer→preferred,preferred |
注意
词尾-ed在清辅音后读[t]，在元音和浊辅音后读[d]，在辅音t，d后读[id]。
b.不规则动词的变化（参见页底）
2.动词的现在分词的构成
| 构成法 | 例词 |
| 一般加-ing | work→working |
| study→studying | |
| 以e结尾的词去e加-ing | live→living |
| 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing |
stop→stopping refer→referring |
| 以ie为结尾的重读开音节的词，改ie为y，再加-ing | die→dying |
注意
以y结尾的动词变为现在分词时，y不变，直接加上ing。
如：playing，studying。
4) 动词的时态
1.时态概述
作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。而英语的时态，对我国学生来说，是相当困难的一个语法项目。原因之一是，中文动词
2.英语动词十二种时态的形式
一般语法书列出的英语动词十二种时态为：“现在”、“过去”、“将来”三大类，每类中又分为“一般”、“进行”、“完成”、“完成进行”四种，共十二种。现以study为例，列表如右：
| 一般时 | 进行时 | 完成时 | 完成进行时 | |
| 现在 |
I study. You study. He studies. We study. They study. |
I am studying. You are studying. He is studying. We are studying They are studying. |
I have studied. You have studied. He has studied. We have studied. They have studied. |
I have been studying. You have been studying. He has been studying. We have been studying. They have been studying. |
| 过去 |
I studied. You studied. He studied. We studied. They studied. |
I was studying. You were studying. He was studying. We were studying. They were studying. |
I has studied. You had studied. He had studied. We had studied. They had studied. |
I had been studying. You had been studying. He had been studying. We had been studying. They had been studying. |
| 将来 |
I shall study. You will study. He will study. We shall study. They will study. |
I shall be studying. You will be studying. He will be studying. We shall be studying. They will be studying. |
I shall have studied. You will have studied. He will have studied. We shall have studied. They will have studied. |
I shall have been studying. You will have been studying. He will have been studying. We shall have been studying. They will have been studying. |
没有时态形式的变化。也就是说，中文动词不是用词形的变化，而是用特定的词语，例如，“现在”、“将来”、“过去”、“正在”、“经常”、“了”、“过”、“已经”等来说明一个动作发生的时间，而动词本身并无变化。在英语中，则用动词本身的词形变化或加助动词表示动作的时间。
中文：他每天看报纸。
英语：He reads newspapers every day.
中文：他昨天看过了这张报纸。
英语：He read the newspaper yesterday.
中文：他明天看这张报纸。
英语：He will read the newspaper tomorrow.
中文：他正在看报纸。
英语：He is reading the newspaper now.
中文：他已经看完了这张报纸。
英语：He has read the newspaper.
注意
最常用的时态有五个，即一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时。必须熟记这些时态的构成，在下面五章中，将分别讲述各种时态的用法。
| 动词的不规则变化表 | |||||
| 现在式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在式 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
| beat 打，敲 | beat | beaten | leave 离开 | left | left |
| become 成为 | became | become | lend 借出 | lent | lent |
| begin 开始 | began | begun | let 让 | let | let |
| bite 咬 | bit | bitten / bit | lie 躺下 | lay lost | lain |
| blow 吹 | blew | blown | lose 遗失 | lost | lost |
| break 打破 | broke | broken | make 做 | made | made |
| bring 携带 | brought | brought | meet 遇 | met | met |
| build 建造 | built | built | pay 支付 | paid | paid |
| burn 燃烧 | burned / burnt | burned / burnt | read 读 | read | read |
| buy 买 | bought | bought | rise 上升 | rose | risen |
| catch 捉 | caught | caught | run 跑 | ran | run |
| choose 选择 | chose | chosen | say 说 | said | said |
| come 来 | came | come | see 看见 | saw | seen |
| drink 喝 | drank | drunk | sell 售 | sold | sold |
| drive 驾驶 | drove | driven | send 送 | sent | sent |
| eat 吃 | ate | eaten | shine 照耀 | shone / shined | shone / shined |
| fall 落下 | fell | fallen | shoot 发射 | shot | shot |
| feed 喂 | fed | fed | sing 唱歌 | sang | sung |
| feel 觉得 | felt | felt | sit 坐下 | sat | sat |
| fight 打架 | fought | fought | sleep 睡觉 | slept | slept |
| find 找 | found | found | smell 嗅 | smelt / smelled | smelt / smelled |
| fly 飞 | flew | flown | speak 说 | spoke | spoken |
| forget 忘记 | forgot | forgotten / forgot | spell 拼字 | spelt / spelled | spelt / spelled |
| forgive 原谅 | forgave | forgiven | spend 花费 | spent | spent |
| get 获得 | got | gotten / got | stand 站立 | stood | stood |
| give 给 | gave | given | steal 偷窃 | stole | stolen |
| go 去 | went | gone | sweep 扫除 | swept | swept |
| grow 生长 | grew | grown | swim 游泳 | swam | swum |
| hang 挂 | hung | hung | swing 摇摆 | swung | swung |
| hear 听 | heard | heard | take 取 | took | take |
| hit 击 | hit | hit | teach 教 | taught | taught |
| hold 持 | held | held | tear 撕 | tore | torn |
| hurt 伤害 | hurt | hurt | tell 告诉 | told | told |
| keep 保持 | kept | kept | think 想 | thought | thought |
| know 知道 | knew | known | throw 投 | threw | thrown |
| lay 放置 | laid | laid | understand 了解 | understood | understood |
| lead 引导 | led | led | wear 穿 | won | won |
| learn 学习 | learned / learnt | learned / learnt | win 赢 | wrote | written |
| write 写 | |||||
